A Prognostic Model and Pre-Discharge Predictors of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome After Hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Abstract

Background. Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) has been increasingly recognized as an emerging problem: 50% of patients report ongoing symptoms 1 year after acute infection, with most typical manifestations (fatigue, dyspnea, psychiatric and neurological symptoms) having potentially debilitating effect. Early identification of high-risk candidates for PCS development would facilitate the optimal use of resources directed to rehabilitation of COVID-19 convalescents. Objective. To study the in-hospital clinical characteristics of COVID-19 survivors presenting with self-reported PCS at 3 months and to identify the early predictors of its development. Methods. 221 hospitalized COVID-19 patients underwent symptoms assessment, 6-minute walk test, and echocardiography pre-discharge and at 1 month; presence of PCS was assessed 3 months after discharge. Unsupervised machine learning was used to build a SANN-based binary classification model of PCS development. Results. PCS at 3 months has been detected in 75% patients. Higher symptoms level in the PCS group was not associated with worse physical functional recovery or significant echocardiographic changes. Despite identification of a set of pre-discharge predictors, inclusion of parameters obtained at 1 month proved necessary to obtain a high accuracy model of PCS development, with inputs list including age, sex, inhospital levels of CRP, eGFR and need for oxygen supplementation, and level of post-exertional symptoms at 1 month after discharge (fatigue and dyspnea in 6MWT and MRC Dyspnea score). Conclusions. Hospitalized COVID-19 survivors at 3 months were characterized by 75% prevalence of PCS, the development of which could be predicted with an 89% accuracy using the derived neural network-based classification model.