TGF-β1 and VEGF as biomarkers for renal scarring in children with vesicoureteral reflux

Abstract

One of the most common forms of congenital obstructive uropathy in children is vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), which is observed in 1-2% of pediatric population, and its incidence in urinary tract infection is 70%. According to the International Committee for the Study of Reflux, the incidence of nephrosclerosis in VUR among children of the European population is 48% and it results in the development of the terminal stage of chronic renal failure in 25-60% of patients. Approximately 25% of children with renal scarring (RS) caused by VUR require hemodialysis and kidney transplantation.