Neurophysiological mechanisms of attention and emotion regulation: relationship of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, depression and sleep

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depressive disorders, and sleep disturbances share common neurobiological mechanisms that affect attention, emotional regulation, and cognitive functioning. The aim of this study was to summarize current evidence on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions. A narrative review of PubMed-indexed publications (2022–2025) was conducted, including systematic reviews, clinical studies, and neuroimaging investigations. The analysis demonstrated that serotonergic dysfunction, impaired prefrontal cortex–amygdala connectivity, reduced emotional regulation flexibility, and chronic sleep deprivation are key mechanisms contributing to cognitive and emotional dysfunction. These findings support the need for an integrated approach to prevention and treatment, combining pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, lifestyle modification, and sleep optimization.