VOLUME LXXIV, ISSUE 9 PART 1, SEPTEMBER 2021 Since 1928 ALUNA Publishing House Memory of dr Władysław BiegańskiOfficial journal of the Polish Medical Association Wiadomości Lekarskie monthly journal You can order the subscription for the journal from Wydawnictwo Aluna by: prenumerata@wydawnictwo-aluna.pl Wydawnictwo Aluna Z.M. Przesmyckiego 29 05-510 Konstancin-Jeziorna Poland Place a written order first. If you need, ask for an invoice. Payment should be done to the following account of the Publisher: account number for Polish customers (PLN): 82 1940 1076 3010 7407 0000 0000 Credit Agricole Bank Polska S. A., SWIFT: AGRIPLPR account number for foreign customers (EURO): 57 2490 0005 0000 4600 7604 3035 Alior Bank S. A.: SWIFT: ALBPPLPW Subscription of twelve consecutive issues (1-12): Customers in Poland: 360 PLN/year Customers from other countries: 320 EURO/year Wiadomości Lekarskie is abstracted and indexed in: PUBMED/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, INDEX COPERNICUS, POLISH MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE, POLISH MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Copyright: © ALUNA Publishing House. Articles published on-line and available in open access are published under Creative Com- mon Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) allowing to download articles and share them with others as long as they credit the authors and the pu- blisher, but without permission to change them in any way or use them commercially. Editor in-Chief: Prof. Władysław Pierzchała Deputy Editor in-Chief: Prof. Aleksander Sieroń Statistical Editor: Dr Lesia Rudenko Managing Editor: Agnieszka Rosa – amarosa@wp.pl International Editorial Office: Lesia Rudenko (editor) – l.rudenko@wydawnictwo-aluna.pl Nina Radchenko (editor's assistant) – n.radchenko@wydawnictwo-aluna.pl Polish Medical Association (Polskie Towarzystwo Lekarskie): Prof. Waldemar Kostewicz – President PTL Prof. Jerzy Woy-Wojciechowski – Honorary President PTL Kris Bankiewicz San Francisco, USA Christopher Bara Hannover, Germany Krzysztof Bielecki Warsaw, Poland Zana Bumbuliene Vilnius, Lithuania Ryszarda Chazan Warsaw, Poland Stanislav Czudek Ostrava, Czech Republic Jacek Dubiel Cracow, Poland Zbigniew Gasior Katowice, Poland Andrzej Gładysz Wroclaw, Poland Nataliya Gutorova Kharkiv, Ukraine Marek Hartleb Katowice, Poland Roman Jaeschke Hamilton, Canada Andrzej Jakubowiak Chicago, USA Oleksandr Katrushov Poltava, Ukraine Peter Konturek Saalfeld, Germany Jerzy Korewicki Warsaw, Poland Jan Kotarski Lublin, Poland George Krol New York, USA Krzysztof Łabuzek Katowice, Poland Henryk Majchrzak Katowice, Poland Ewa Małecka-Tendera Katowice, Poland Stella Nowicki Memphis, USA Alfred Patyk Gottingen, Germany Palmira Petrova Yakutsk, Russia Krystyna Pierzchała Katowice, Poland Tadeusz Płusa Warsaw, Poland Waldemar Priebe Houston, USA Maria Siemionow Chicago, USA Vladyslav Smiianov Sumy, Ukraine Tomasz Szczepański Katowice, Poland Andrzej Witek Katowice, Poland Zbigniew Wszolek Jacksonville, USA Vyacheslav Zhdan Poltava, Ukraine Jan Zejda Katowice, Poland Distribution and Subscriptions: Bartosz Guterman prenumerata@wydawnictwo-aluna.pl Graphic design / production: Grzegorz Sztank www.red-studio.eu Publisher: ALUNA Publishing House ul. Przesmyckiego 29, 05-510 Konstancin – Jeziorna www.wydawnictwo-aluna.pl www.wiadomoscilekarskie.pl www.wiadlek.pl International Editorial Board – in-Chief: Marek Rudnicki Chicago, USA International Editorial Board – Members: © Aluna Wiadomości Lekarskie 2016, tom LXIX, nr 4 605 Pediatria Prof. dr hab. med. Ewa Małecka-Tendera (SUM Katowice) Dr hab. med. Tomasz Szczepański (SUM Katowice) Położnictwo i ginekologia Prof. dr hab. med. Jan Kotarski (UM Lublin) Prof. dr hab. med. Andrzej Witek (SUM Katowice) Stomatologia Prof. dr hab. Maria Kleinrok (UM Lublin) Polskie Towarzystwo Lekarskie Prof. dr hab. med. Waldemar Kostewicz (Prezes ZG PTL) Prof. dr hab. med. Jerzy Woy-Wojciechowski (Prezes Honorowy PTL) Prof. emerytowany dr hab. med. Tadeusz Petelenz (O. Katowicki PTL) Koordynator projektu Agnieszka Rosa tel. 694 778 068 amarosa@wp.pl Redakcja zagraniczna dr n. med. Lesia Rudenko l.rudenko@wydawnictwo-aluna.pl Wydawca Wydawnictwo Aluna ul. Przesmyckiego 29 05-510 Konstancin-Jeziorna www.aluna.waw.pl Prenumerata prenumerata@wydawnictwo-aluna.pl www.wiadomoscilekarskie.pl/prenumerata Opracowanie gra�czne Piotr Dobrzyński (www.poligra�a.nets.pl) Nakład do 6 tys. egz © Copyright by Aluna Publishing Wydanie czasopisma Wiadomości Lekarskie w formie papierowej jest wersją pierwotną (referencyjną). Redakcja wdraża procedurę zabezpieczającą oryginalność prac naukowych oraz przestrzega zasad recenzowania zgodnie z wytycznymi Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego. Czasopismo indeksowane w: PubMed/Medline, EBSCO, MNISW (11 pkt), Index Copernicus, PBL, Scopus Redaktor naczelny Prof. dr hab. med. Władysław Pierzchała (SUM Katowice) Zastępca redaktora naczelnego Prof. zw. dr hab. med. Aleksander Sieroń (SUM Katowice) Redaktor wydania prof. dr hab. Maria Majdan prof. dr hab. Mirosław Jabłoński Redaktor statystyczny dr n. med. Lesia Rudenko Rada naukowa Redaktorzy tematyczni: Chirurgia Prof. dr hab. med. Krzysztof Bielecki (CMKP Warszawa) Prof. dr hab. med. Stanislav Czudek (Onkologickié Centrum J.G. Mendla Czechy) Prof. dr hab. med. Marek Rudnicki (University of Illinois USA) Choroby wewnętrzne Prof. dr hab. med. Ryszarda Chazan, pneumonologia i alergologia (UM Warszawa) Prof. dr hab. med. Jacek Dubiel, kardiologia (CM UJ Kraków) Prof. dr hab. med. Zbigniew Gąsior, kardiologia (SUM Katowice) Prof. dr hab. med. Marek Hartleb, gastroenterologia (SUM Katowice) Prof. dr hab. med. Jerzy Korewicki, kardiologia (Instytut Kardiologii Warszawa) Dr hab. med. Krzysztof Łabuzek, farmakologia kliniczna, diabetologia (SUM Katowice) Prof. dr hab. med. Tadeusz Płusa, pneumonologia i alergologia (WIM Warszawa) Dr hab. med. Antoni Wystrychowski, nefrologia (SUM Katowice) Choroby zakaźne Prof. dr hab. med. Andrzej Gładysz (UM Wrocław) Epidemiologia Prof. dr hab. med. Jan Zejda (SUM Katowice) Neurologia i neurochirurgia Prof. dr hab. med. Henryk Majchrzak, neurochirurgia (SUM Katowice) Prof. dr hab. med. Krystyna Pierzchała, neurologia (SUM Katowice) Redaktor naczelny Prof. dr hab. med. Władysław Pierzchała (SUM Katowice) Zastępca redaktora naczelnego Prof. zw. dr hab. n. med. Aleksander Sieroń (SUM Katowice) Sekretarz redakcji Joanna Grocholska Redaktor statystyczny Ewa Guterman Rada naukowa Redaktorzy tematyczni: Chirurgia Prof. dr hab. med. Krzysztof Bielecki (CMKP Warszawa) Prof. dr hab. med. Stanislav Czudek (Onkologickié Centrum J.G. Mendla Czechy) Prof. dr hab. med. Marek Rudnicki (University of Illinois USA) Choroby wewnętrzne Prof. dr hab. med. Marek Hartleb, gastroenterologia (SUM Katowice) Prof. dr hab. med. Jacek Dubiel, kardiologia (CM UJ Kraków) Prof. dr hab. med. Zbigniew Gąsior, kardiologia (SUM Katowice) Prof. dr hab. med. Jerzy Korewicki, kardiologia (Instytut Kardiologii Warszawa) Dr hab. med. Antoni Wystrychowski, nefrologia (SUM Katowice) Prof. dr hab. med. Ryszarda Chazan, pneumonologia i alergologia (UM Warszawa) Prof. dr hab. med. Tadeusz Płusa, pneumonologia i alergologia (WIM Warszawa) Choroby zakaźne Prof. dr hab. med. Andrzej Gładysz (UM Wrocław) Epidemiologia Prof. dr hab. med. Jan Zejda (SUM Katowice) Neurologia i neurochirurgia Prof. dr hab. med. Krystyna Pierzchała, neurologia (SUM Katowice) Prof. dr hab. med. Henryk Majchrzak, neurochirurgia (SUM Katowice) Pediatria Prof. dr hab. med. Ewa Małecka-Tendera (SUM Katowice) Dr hab. med. Tomasz Szczepański (SUM Katowice) Położnictwo i ginekologia Prof. dr hab. med. Jan Kotarski (UM Lublin) Prof. dr hab. med. Andrzej Witek (SUM Katowice) Stomatologia Prof. dr hab. Maria Kleinrok (UM Lublin) Polskie Towarzystwo Lekarskie Prof. dr hab. med. Jerzy Woy-Wojciechowski (Prezes PTL) Prof. emerytowany dr hab. med. Tadeusz Petelenz (O. Katowicki PTL) Kontakt z redakcją i wydawnictwem Joanna Grocholska e-mail: j.grocholska@blue-sparks.pl Wydawca Blue Sparks Publishing Group Sp. z o.o. ul. Obornicka 15/4, 02-948 Warszawa tel. (22) 858-92-53 Zarząd: dr Anna Łuczyńska − prezes Reklama i marketing: Agnieszka Rosa tel. 662-116-020 e-mail: a.rosa@blue-sparks.pl Zamówienia na prenumeratę: e-mail: prenumerata@blue-sparks.pl lub tel. (22) 858-92-53 Projekt okładki: Dorota Cybulska Opracowanie gra� czne: Tomasz Białkowski Nakład: do 6000 egz. © Copyright by Blue-Sparks Publishing Group Wydanie czasopisma Wiadomości Lekarskie w formie papierowej jest wersją pierwotną (referencyjną). Redakcja wdraża procedurę zabezpieczającą ory- ginalność publikacji naukowych oraz przestrzega zasad recenzowania prac zgodnie z wytycznymi Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego. Czasopismo indeksowane w: Medline, EBSCO, MNiSW (6 pkt), Index Copernicus, PBL. Czasopismo Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego Pamięci dra Władysława Biegańskiego Wiadomości Lekarskie WL_1_2013.indb 1 27.03.2013 12:23 2022 Wiadomości Lekarskie, VOLUME LXXIV, ISSUE 9 PART 1, SEPTEMBER 2021 © Aluna Publishing FOR AUTHORS 1. 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Manuscripts not concordant with the above instructions will be returned to be corrected. 28. The editors do not return papers which have not been commissioned. 29. The editors take no responsibility for the contents of the advertisements. 2023 Wiadomości Lekarskie, VOLUME LXXIV, ISSUE 9 PART 1, SEPTEMBER 2021© Aluna Publishing CONTENTS ORIGINAL ARTICLES Aidyn G. Salmanov, Oleg M. Ishchak, Serhii А. Dobarin, Olena M. Susidko, Olena V. Mosendz, Svitlana M. Korniyenko, Oleksandr A. Voloshyn PERINATAL INFECTIONS IN UKRAINE: RESULTS OF A MULTICENTER STUDY 2025 Kateryna Hlushko, Oksana Boyarchuk, Maria Kinash, Emillia Burbela, Yana Rohalska, Lesia Dobrovolska AWARENESS OF FOLIC ACID USE AND ITS EFFECTS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS IN UKRAINE 2033 Iana O. Andreieva, Olha I. Riznyk, Sergii P. Myrnyi, Nikolai N. Surmylo STATE OF CUTANEOUS MICROCIRCULATION IN PATIENTS WITH OBESITY 2039 Bohdan Tataryn, Anna Kryzhanivska, Iryna Dyakiv, Alina Andriiv SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH RECTAL CANCER 2044 Alina O. Ponyrko, Valentyna I. Bumeister, Serhii M. Dmytruk, Olha S. Yarmolenko, Tetiana P. Teslyk, Tetiana V. Riabenko, Iryna Shkolna STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF LONG TUBULAR BONES OF MATURE RATS UNDER THE HYPERGLYCEMIA 2052 Tetiana V. Harapko, Lesia R. Mateshuk-Vatseba MORPHOMETRIC AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC CHANGES OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF LYMPH NODES DURING CORRECTION OF THE ACTION OF SODIUM GLUTAMATE WITH ORLISTAT 2060 Inna I. Torianyk ULTRAMICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ERYTHROCYTES IN INDIVIDUALS WITH BORRELIOSIS, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND TOXOPLASMOSIS AS A MARKER, COMORBID OR CONCOMITANT PATHOLOGY FOR BABESIOSIS 2066 Kseniia Suprun, Yanina Kutasevych, Iryna Oliinyk, Oleksii Bilozorov, Iryna Mashtakova, Olga Stuliy PECULIARITIES OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ONYCHOMYCOSIS WITH CONTRAINDICATIONS TO SYSTEMIC ANTIMYCOTICS 2070 Iryna M. Nikitina, Nataliia Ye. Horban, Kseniia V. Mykytyn, Kateryna O. Kondratiuk, Svitlana A. Smiian, Nataliia V. Kalashnyk, Nadiya V. Gerevich THE STATE OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMEN WITH HYPERPROLIFERATIVE PATHOLOGY OF THE ENDOMETRIUM 2076 Olga L. Skrypa EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION AFTER MANDIBULAR FRACTURES ACCORDING TO X-RAY EXAMINATION 2082 Igor P. Vakaliuk, Nataliia V. Savchuk, Roksolana V. Nesterak, Haliia B. Kulynych, Ruslana S. Hryhoryshyn INFLUENCE OF COMPLEX TREATMENT WITH MAGNESIUM AND POTASSIUM SALTS OF GLUCONIC ACID, EPLERENONE AND RIVAROXABAN ON DYNAMICS OF INDICATORS OF ISCHEMIA AND MYOCARDIAL REMODELING IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 2087 Oksana Ishchenko, Iryna Koshova, Inna Borysova, Dmytro Stepanskyi MICROBIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM RESPIRATORY TRACT OF CHILDREN WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS 2094 Petro A. Hasiuk, Мykhailo Ramus, Anna Vorobets, Iryna Tkachenko, Tetiana Dzetsiukh, Dmytro Kalashnikov, Svitlana Rosolovska COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HISTOTOXICITY INDICATORS OF METAL ALLOYS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL CERAMIC DENTAL CONSTRUCTIONS 2100 Antonina Sydorenko, Ruslan Lutsenko, Iryna Kniazkova, Nataliia Liakhovska, Olga Lutsenko PECULIARITIES OF MOTOR ACTIVITY OF RATS IN SIMULATION PHARMACOLOGICAL DEPRESSOGENIC STATES 2105 Evheniia A. Shtaniuk, Oleksandra O. Vovk, Larisa V. Krasnikova, Yuliia I. Polyvianna, Tetiana I. Kovalenko STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE PREPARATIONS WITH DIOXIDINE AND LEVOFLOXACIN ON MAIN PURULENT-INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES PATHOGENS 2109 Natalia N. Brailko, Iryna M. Tkachenko, Victor V. Kovalenko, Anna V. Lemeshko, Alexey G. Fenko, Ruslan V. Kozak, Dmitry V. Kalashnikov INVESTIGATION OF STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF “RESTORATION & TOOTH” SYSTEM IN WEDGE-SHAPED DEFECTS BY COMPUTED MODELING METHOD 2112 Yuliya V. Sarkisova, Viktor T. Bachynskiy, Oleksandr I. Garazdiuk, Ivan V. Garazdiuk, Iana M. Teleki POSTMORTEM INTERVAL ESTIMATION BY THE METHOD OF WAVELET ANALYSIS OF STOKES-POLARIMETRIC MAPPING DATA OF HUMAN VITREOUS BODY LAYERS 2118 Volodymir K. Likhachov, Viktoriya L. Vashchenko, Olena О. Taranovska IMPACT OF PREVENTIVE THERAPY ON REGULATING MECHANISMS OF DECIDUAL MACROPHAGE POLARIZATION IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH HIGH RISK OF PREECLAMPLSIA 2123 Zbigniew Żęgota, Joanna Goździk, Joanna Głogowska-Szeląg IMPROVED PHYSICAL FUNCTION WITH COMPLEMENTARY USE OF A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT FOR MILD KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS: A SUBGROUP ANALYSI 2128 Valentyna Sklyarova, Kateryna Shatylovich, Pavlo Sklyarov, Anzhelika Filipyuk SHOULD ASCARIASIS BE CONSIDERED AS A REPRODUCTOLOGY PROBLEM? 2138 Oleksandr Belov, Yevhen Loiko, Iryna Mazaikina, Iryna Pototska FEATURES OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL REACTION IN PARENTS WHOSE CHILDREN SUFFER FROM CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2147 Marta M. Zelinka-Khobzey, Kostiantyn V. Tarasenko, Tetiana V. Mamontova, Oksana A. Shlykova CHARACTERISTICS OF CD68+ AND CD163+ EXPRESSION IN PLACENTA OF WOMEN WITH PREECLAMPSIA AND OBESITY 2152 Yaroslav P. Feleshtynskyi, Sergiy O. Oparin, Bogdan V. Sorokin, Margaryta G. Boiarskaia, Dmytro V. Lutsenko ENDOSCOPIC HEMOSTASIS IN ULCERATIVE GASTRODUODENAL BLEEDING USING HIGH-FREQUENCY BIOLOGICAL WELDING ELECTROLIGATION 2159 Oksana V. Tymoshchuk, Zhanna Sotnikova-Meleshkina, Olha P. Melnyk-Sheremeta, Oksana V. Zahorodnieva, Krystyna A. Kryvonos, Kseniia M. Ostrovska KEY ASPECTS OF ORGANIZATION OF THE PROCESS AND INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NUTRITION OF PUPILS AND STUDENTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 2163 Nataliya O. Gutorova, Vitalii M. Pashkov, Oleksii S. Soloviov ILLEGAL INTERNET PHARMACIES AS A THREAT TO PUBLIC HEALTH IN EUROPE 2169 Natalya A. Maruta, Marianna V. Markova, Hanna M. Kozhyna , Tetiana А. Aliieva, Lyudmyla М. Yuryeva , Tsira B. Abdryakhimova , Nataliia G. Pshuk, Andrii M. Skrypnikov PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CONSEQUENCES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS DURING THE PANDEMIC 2175 Igor S. Brodetskyi, Vladislav A. Malanchuk, Olena O. Dyadyk, Yaroslava А. Kulbashna, Olena O. Astapenko, Nataliia V. Kapustnyk, Mykhailo S. Myroshnychenko MORPHOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE SALIVARY GLAND TISSUE RESECTION BOUNDARIES DURING SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMAS 2182 Yurii Yu. Yarov, Iryna I. Tkachenko DYNAMICS OF ANTI-ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM INDICATORS IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD IN PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS ACCOMPANIED BY DIFFERENT REACTIVATY OF THE ORGANISM 2187 Vladislav V. Liubchak, Liliia M. Khomenko, Michael P. Kovalishyn, Viktoriia V. Ilyina, Tetiana V. Babar, Volodymyr V. Sikora, Olha V. Simonova NEW MARKETING TOOLS IN THE BLOOD SERVICE TO OPTIMIZE QUALITY MANAGEMENT 2192 Nazar R. Hrytsevych, Volodymyr V. Vereschaka FEATURES OF THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SKIN OF WHITE RATS 60 AND 90 DAYS AFTER MODELING OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION 2197 Roman Ye. Bulyk, Vladyslav R. Yosypenko, Kateryna V. Vlasova ONTOGENETIC ASPECTS OF MELATONIN RECEPTORS 1A DENSITY IN THE LATERAL PREOPTIC NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS UNDER VARIOUS LIGHT CONDITIONS 2202 REVIEW ARTICLES Vitalii Pashkov, Maryna V. Trotska, Liudmyla M. Nikolenko AMBIENT AIR PROTECTION IN THE SYSTEM OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND BIOLOGICAL SECURITY LEGAL PROVISION 2207 Liudmyla A. Vygivska, Lesia A. Rudenko, Evgeniya B. Radzishevska, Iryna M. Merenkova, Violeta B. Kalnytska PECULIARITIES OF THE PREVALENCE OF INTRAUTERINE INFECTIONS AT THE PRESENT STAGE 2213 Anna Krakowiak, Marek Rajzer, Mateusz Gaczoł, Urszula Gancarczyk, Paweł Prochownik, Natalia Podolec, Zuzanna Sachajko, Filip Baranowski, Anna Pyczek, Monika Komar OBESITY AND ATRIAL FIBRILLATION – BARIATRIC SURGERY AS A METHOD OF AF RISK DECREASE 2218 Halyna V. Bilavych, Jan V. Bilawicz, Larysa V. Slyvka, Mariia V. Klepar, Mykola P. Pantiuk, Nadiya O. Fedchyshyn, Borys P. Savchuk SANITARY AND HYGIENIC EDUCATION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN MEASUREMENT OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF PUBLIC MEDICINE OF GALICIA (END OF THE XIX – 30S OF THE XX CENTURY) 2222 Waldemar Gniadek MIECZYSŁAW KONOPACKI – THE OUTSTANDING POLISH HISTOLOGIST, ANATOMIST, AND FREEMASON ACTIVIST 2228 CASE STUDIES Vladimir Belokonev, Andrei I. Gritsaenko, Alexey Nikolaev, Tatiana Larina A CLINICAL CASE OF COEXISTENT PARASITIC LIVER AND GASTRIC LESIONS CAUSED BY CLONORCHIASIS 2232 Aleksandra Oraczewska, Marek Ochman, Mariola Ograbek-Król, Wiktoria Kowalska, Klaudia Glinka, Fryderyk Zawadzki, Adam Barczyk, Szymon Skoczyński PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MICROLITHIASIS. DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN RADIOLOGICAL FINDINGS AND CLINICAL PATTERN- CASE STUDY 2235 2175 Wiadomości Lekarskie, VOLUME LXXIV, ISSUE 9 PART 1, SEPTEMBER 2021© Aluna Publishing INTRODUCTION The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has become a great challenge for people’s mental health around the world. High anxiety, depression, post-traumatic disorder and psychological distress rates are recorded among the nations during the pandemic [1-5]. Detection of the direct effect of COVID-19 on mental processes is a difficult problem, however, certain deter- minants identified in the conducted researches suggest the following [6]. Despite the undeniable need for isolation and physical distancing, which resist the high contagious- ness and pathogenicity of the virus, those factors have a negative impact on mental health [7-10]. Research also notes the pathogenic role of psychosocial factors, including economic difficulties and financial loss (due to unemployment and declining incomes), school clo- sures, lack of resources for health care, domestic violence and insufficient distribution of basic necessities. Psychological consequences include fear of getting in- fected with COVID-19 and dying, loss of livelihood and loved ones, insecurity and anxiety about the future, social discrimination, separation from family and caretakers [11-14]. Common risk factors for mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic include women, the younger age group (≤ 40 years), the presence of chronic / mental dis- tresses, unemployment, students and frequent conversa- tions via social media. There is a higher prevalence of adverse psychological effects in the population compared to the spread of the pandemic [15-17]. Symptoms of adverse psychological consequences were more common at the onset of the outbreak, when people were subjected to mandatory quarantine, sudden unemployment, and the uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 outbreak [18]. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CONSEQUENCES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS DURING THE PANDEMIC DOI: 10.36740/WLek202109126 Natalya A. Maruta1, Marianna V. Markova2, Hanna M. Kozhyna 3, Tetiana А. Aliieva2, Lyudmyla М. Yuryeva 4, Tsira B. Abdryakhimova 5, Nataliia G. Pshuk6, Andrii M. Skrypnikov7 1STATE INSTITUTION “INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NARCOLOGY OF THE NAMS OF UKRAINE”, KHARKIV, UKRAINE 2KHARKIV MEDICAL ACADEMY OF POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION, KHARKIV, UKRAINE 3KHARKIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, KHARKIV, UKRAINE 4 STATE INSTITUTION “DNIPROPETROVSK MEDICAL ACADEMY OF THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE”, DNIPRO, UKRAINE 5BOGOMOLETS NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, KYIV, UKRAINE 6NATIONAL PIROGOV MEMORIAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, VINNYTSIA, UKRAINE 7POLTAVA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, POLTAVA, UKRAINE ABSTRACT The aim: Study of psychological factors and consequences of psychosocial stress which is formed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: In the research, we used methods: developed a common, assessment of psychosocial stress L. Reeder scale, assessment of distress R.Kessler, assessment of the presence of manifestations of anxiety-depressive response GAD-7, depression self-assessment scale PHQ-9, method of assessing neuropsychological adaptation I. Gurvich, assessment of psychosocial support D. Ziemet, the scale of assessment of family anxiety E. Eidemiller, W. Justickis, strategies for stress-coping behavior E. Heim, methods of assessing the quality of life A.A. Pushkarev, N.G. Arinchina (2000). The current factors of the impact of coronavirus on the mental state of the population have been investigated. The study involved 823 citizens of Ukraine, who filled out the developed Google form. Results: Threats of coronavirus disease, violation of the usual life stereotype, restriction of leisure activity, harmful interest in news about the pandemic, usage of tobacco plays an important role in the mechanisms of distress formation. These conditions raise the risk of increased stress, anxiety and depression. Conclusions: The investigations carried out suggested that the quarantine restrictions could be predisposing factors for mental health impairments. Under these conditions, risks of increased stress pressure, anxiety, and depression are rising. Measures on psycho-prevention should be performed on the base of the regularities identified. KEY WORDS: pandemic (COVID-19), psycho-emotional state, anxiety, stress, coping strategies, the quality of life. Wiad Lek. 2021;74(9 p.I):2175-2181 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Natalya A. Maruta et al. 2176 The duration of mental symptoms should also be consid- ered when assessing the psychological consequences of a coronavirus outbreak, as acute psychological responses to stressful or traumatic events have sometimes a protective and evolutionary nature [19-20]. Several prognostic factors have been identified in the course of research. Women were more vulnerable to developing symptoms of various forms of mental disor- ders during a pandemic, including depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and adaptation disorders [21-23]. High severity of psychological stress occurs in women because they make up a higher percentage of the workforce, which can be negatively affected by COVID-19, for example, in retail, services and health care. People under the age of 40 also had more adverse psy- chological symptoms during a pandemic [24-25]. This conclusion may be partly related to their role in caring for families (ie, especially women) that provide financial and moral support to children or the elderly. Job losses and unpredictability, caused by the COVID-19 pandemy, among this age group can be particularly stressful. In addition, the majority of people under the age of 40 are students who may also experience stronger emotional upheavals due to school closures, cancellation of public events, lower learning efficiency in remote online courses and postponement of exams [24]. These data conform the results testifying that student status was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak [27]. People with chronic diseases (somatic / mental) developt more symptoms of anxiety and stress during COVID-19 pandemy [28-30]. Anxiety and worrying about coronavirus infection in pa- tients with chronic diseases is partly due to their weakened immunity caused by pre-existing conditions, which makes them susceptible to infection and a higher risk of death. Significantly higher mortality rates have been reported in patients with diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease, but the exact causes remain unknown. In addition, another practical aspect of concern for patients with pre-existing conditions may be the delay and unavail- ability of medical services and treatment as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, because the rapidly growing number of patients with COVID-19 used hospi- tal and medical resources, this could inadvertently affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of other diseases. Individuals with a history of mental disorders or current diagnoses of mental illness are also usually more sensitive to external stressors, such as the social isolation associated with a pandemic [31]. A few researches have found that frequent use of social networks / news related to COVID-19 caused symptoms of anxiety and stress [32]. Frequent use of social networks, the influence of poten- tially fakes, misinformation are the factors of increasing concern. Due to the unpredictable situation and a lot of unknown information about the new coronavirus, misinformation and fake news spread with ease through social networking platforms, creating unnecessary fears and concerns. Sadness and anxiety can also arise from the constant observation of members of a community suffering from a pandemic through social networking platforms or news reports [33]. THE AIM The aim of our study was to identify the factors and psy- chological consequences of psychosocial stress, which is formed during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the study we used the following set of methods. We devel- oped a common poll aimed at studying social demographic data, life conditions and lifestyle during the quarantine, the presence of chronic diseases and psychodiagnostic tech- niques (assessment of psychosocial stress) (L. Reeder scale), assessment of distress (R. Kessler scale), assessment of the presence of manifestations of anxiety-depressive response (GAD-7), depression self-assessment scale (PHQ-9), meth- od of assessing neuropsychological adaptation (I. Gurvich), assessment of psychosocial support (D. Ziemet), the scale of assessment of family anxiety (E. Eidemiller, W. Justickis), strategies for stress-coping behavior (E. Heim), methods of assessing the quality of life (AA Pushkarev, NG Arinchina, 2000), as well as mathematical methods of data processing. The study involved 823 people who filled out a Google survey form. RESULTS The analysis of the socio-demographic condition of the respondents showed the following. The vast majority of respondents lived in the city – 88.21%; 6.77% – in settlements; 5.35% – in urban set- tlements. Residents of 20 regions of Ukraine (Vinnytsia, Volyn, Dnipro, Donetsk, Zhytomyr, Zakarpattia, Zapor- izhia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Kyiv, Krapivnitsky, Lviv, Mykolaiv, Odessa, Poltava, Rivne, Sumy, Ternopil, Kharkiv, Khmel- nitsky, Kherson, Chernivtsi) took part in the survey. The most represented among the participants were respondents from Kharkiv (21.38%), Dnipro (17.01%), Lviv (16.77%), Zaporizhia (10.08%) and Poltava (8.74%) areas. The majority of the respondents were women (612 peo- ple, 74,36 %), men formed 25,64% (211 people). Analysis of the age characteristics of the respondents showed that the majority of respondents were under the age of 30 – 40.34% and aged 30-40 – 21.51%. At the age of 45-50 years there were 15.79% of respondents; at the age of 51-60 years – 12.27%; at the age of more than 60 years – 10.00%. The marital status analysis showed that 47.51% were married, 43.5% – single, 8.99% – divorced. 51.03% of respondents did not have children; 23.57% had one child; 21.15% – two children; 4.25% – 3 and more children. Analyzing the level of education, we noticed that 65.74% PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CONSEQUENCES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS DURING THE PANDEMIC 2177 of those surveyed had higher education; 12.76% – incom- plete higher; 12.64% – average; 8.50% – special secondary; 0.36% – technical. Living conditions in 56.62% were good; in 39.85% – sat- isfactory; in 3.52% – unsatisfactory. In general, among the surveyed young people (up to 40 years old) predominated; female, childless; those with higher education and good living conditions. During the study, we paid special attention to the analysis of living activity during the pandemic. The results showed that 60.14% of respondents comply with quarantine re- quirements and 39.86% – no. 24.54% continued to go to work during quarantine; 75.46% of respondents stayed at home (35.35% continued to work remotely). In 37.67% of those surveyed, the work was related to the possibility of infection with COVID-19, in 62.33% this possibility was not detected. Respondents’ assessments of their condition during quarantine were mixed. 74.24% of respondents believed that they would “survive”; 52.36% said they felt “not very well”; 30.86% reported that they felt “terrible, I can’t stand the conditions of quarantine”; 17.25% reported the pres- ence of a “feeling of loneliness.” At the same time, 20.53% of respondents rated their con- dition as “good, similar to being on vacation”, and 17.49% expressed a desire to “extend quarantine”. Studying the lifestyle before and during the quarantine period, it was found that the presence of excessive work before quarantine was found in 42.3%, and in quarantine – in 26.8% of respondents (p≤0.05); lack of permanent work was registered in 22.7% and 38.2%, respectively (p≤0.05) (Fig. 1). Busy lifestyle was detected in 53.6% before and in 32.4% during quarantine (at φ emp = 8.804 φ cr = 2.31, where p≤0.01); 51.2% – noted the presence of work stress before, and 41.7% – during quarantine (at φ emp = 3,875 φ cr = 2,31, where p≤0,01); 32.7% – found a state of vigor to, and 39.8% – during quarantine (at φ emp = 3.367 φ cr = 2.31, where p≤0.01). Fig. 2. The presence of chronic diseases in the group of subjects Fig. 1. Lifestyle in the group examined before and during quarantine. Natalya A. Maruta et al. 2178 Summarizing the data obtained on the impact of quar- antine on lifestyle, it should be noted that the number of overworked people in a stressful mode and in a hurry during quarantine decreased. One third of respondents (30.86%) reported distress during quarantine. Under quarantine conditions, the number of people who do not have a permanent job has increased. Analysis of the presence of chronic diseases showed that most often the respondents had diseases of the gastroin- testinal tract (18.71%), cardiovascular system (16.28%), respiratory system (11.78%), thyroid gland (11.66%) and neurological diseases (11.17%) (Fig. 2). When studying the causes of anxiety (possible factors of mental trauma), the most important participants in the survey were selected: • risk to life and health of relatives and friends (82.26%); • impossibility of a habitual way of life (travel, sports, visiting theaters, museums) (79.82%); • uncertainty in the actions of the authorities (79.10%); • restrictions on leisure outside the home (74.11%); • COVID-19 disease of family members, relatives, ac- quaintances (75.45%); • lack of special treatment for COVID-19 (71.08%); • the possibility of contracting a life-threatening disease (63.54%); • danger to one’s own life (63.18%). Analyzing the presented data, it should be noted, that the vast majority of respondents were concerned about the risk to the life and health of loved ones, disruption of the usual way of life, restriction of leisure outside the home and uncertainty in the actions of the authorities. Assessing the impact of news related to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was found that 44.85% of respondents con- sidered it necessary to reduce the time spent searching for and reading such news; 17.25% felt guilty for searching and reading them; 25.15%, on the other hand, wanted to search and read pandemic news. Assessing the level of interest in information about COVID-19, 51.40% of respondents considered this level to be normative; 9.60% noted interest in this information; 16.4% – risky interest, 22.60% – pathological (harmful) interest. Analysis of alcohol consumption during quarantine showed that 13.24% of respondents had a feeling about the need to reduce alcohol consumption; 10.05% felt guilty about drinking alcohol; 8.75% were irritated when someone told them about the need to reduce alcohol consumption, 6.68% expressed a desire to drink alcohol, when they woke up. Most of the respondents noted the absence of problems with alcohol (89.06%); 4.50% reported drinking alcohol; 2.67% – systematic alcohol consumption; 3.77% – alcohol dependence. In the study of smoking, it was noted that tobacco use was registered in 22.60% of respondents. At the same time 9.11% burned the first cigarette within the first 5 minutes after waking up, 15.43% could give up the first cigarette; 11.78% burned 10 or fewer cigarettes a day (5.58% burned 11-20 cigarettes; 2.79% burned 21-30 cigarettes). 13.12% of respondents smoked more often in the early hours of the morning; 7.04% reported continuing to smoke when ill. Assessment of the effects of smoking showed that tobacco dependence was not found in 40.80%; weak or moderate tobacco dependence was registered in 44.62%; strongly expressed dependence – in 14.52%. That is, when assessing the informational effects, the effects of alcohol and tobacco during quarantine, it should be noted the presence of harmful interest in news about the pandemic (22.6%); low rates of systematic use (2.67%) and alcohol dependence (3.77%); high rates of weak and moderate dependence on tobacco (44.62%), as well as strong dependence (14.52%). Alcohol before quarantine was consumed by 13.6% of respondents, during quarantine – 12.4%; tobacco smoking was reported by 25.8% before and 38.7% during quarantine. Given the huge role of social support in the genesis of social stress, we conducted a study of family anxiety. According to the results of such a study, it was found that 31.71% of respondents showed a sense of guilt, 59.41% had a high level of anxiety, 62.21% had a high level of stress. A high overall rate of family anxiety was found in 68.53%. It should be noted that according to the multidimen- sional scale of perception of social support (MSPSS), the respondents showed a high level of this indicator in terms of support for family (82.74%), friends (82.50%), signifi- cant people (70.23%) and overall indicator of the level of support (89.42%). Summarizing the data on the emotional load of the respondents, it should be noted that the vast majority of respondents felt anxiety of a minimal and moderate level; medium and high levels of anxiety were registered in 18.46 t% and 8.26%, respectively. The indicators of the level of depression were similar: in the vast majority of respondents the level of depression was minimal, mild and moderate, severe and very severe depression was found in 11.91% and 5.22%, respectively. Despite the high level of social support, 68.53% showed a high overall rate of family anxiety. A study of the level of anxiety using GAD7 showed that the minimum anxiety was determined by 43.25%, moder- ate – 30.01%, medium – 18.46%, high – 8.26%. Analyzing the level of depression, we noted that 36.21% had minimal depression, 30.01% – mild, 16.64% – mod- erate, 11.91% – severe, 5.22% – very severe. Assessment of stress levels in a group of respondents according to the method of Kessler R.C. showed that most of the subjects had a low level of stress (80.19%), 18.46% – an average level, 1.34% – a high level of stress. Assessing the level of stress, anxiety and depression in the respondents, it should be noted that the average level of stress was 18.47%, and high – in 1.34%. 18.47% had an average level of anxiety, and 8.26% – high. Severe depression was determined by 11.91%, very severe – 5.22%. Respondents’ quality of life was assessed in terms of phys- ical health, emotional state, social and cognitive functions. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CONSEQUENCES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS DURING THE PANDEMIC 2179 The majority of respondents assessed their physical health at a high level (56,87%), 34, 99% – at the average level, only 8.14% is at the low level. At the same time, a quantitative analysis of the results on separate scales showed an increase in indicators that points at a deteri- oration in health during daily exercise (5.64 points) and a discrepancy between the state of Health and the desire to acquire a profitable job (5.77 points) (Table I). The analysis of the emotional component of the re- spondents ‘ quality of life showed a predominance of high (43.62%) and average (40.83%) levels of the indica- tor. The presence of a low level was noted by 15.55% of respondents. The analysis of this indicator on the scales reflected high values on the scale of “I feel that no one cares about me” (5.65 points) and on the scale of “I feel oppressed and depressed “ (5.32 points). The study of social functions within the quality of life showed that 61.72% identified a high level of social activity, 28.07% – an average level, and 10.21% – a low level. Individual scales analysis showed high scores on the scales “my health condition interferes with normal vacation” (6.06 points). During the studying of cognitive functions, it was found that 67.68% of the respondents noted the presence of a high level of cognitive functions, 24.79% – an average level; 7.53% – a low level. The highest scale in this section was “my health condition leads to financial problems” (6.04 points). Summarizing the data obtained in this study, the fol- lowing should be noted. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents (823 people) included the predominance of the female (74.36%), age groups up to 40 years (61.85%), city resi- dents (88.21%), single and divorced (52.49%), people with higher education (65.74%), good and satisfactory living conditions (56.62% and 39.85%, respectively). When studying the impact of quarantine restrictions on the lifestyle of respondents, it was found that the number of people working excessively in stressful and hasty mode during quarantine had decreased. At the same time, the number of people who do not have a permanent job has increased under quarantine conditions, 30.86% of those surveyed reported during quarantine. Analysis of distress factors (causes of anxiety) showed that the overwhelming majority of respondents were worried under the influence of such factors as risk to the life and health of loved ones (82.26%), violation of the usual lifestyle (79.82%), uncertainty in the actions of the authorities (79.10%), restriction of leisure time outside the home (74.11%). Assessing lifestyle changes during quarantine, it was de- tected that 22.6% of respondents noted a harmful interest in news about the pandemic; 44.62 % – weak and mod- erate dependence on tobacco, low rates of systematic use and alcohol dependence (2.67% and 3.77%, respectively). A study of stress, anxiety, and depression levels found that 18.47% had moderate stress levels and 1.3% had high levels. Moderate and high rates of anxiety and depression were recorded in 1/5 – 1/4 of the respondents. 18.46% had an average level of anxiety, and 8.26% had a high level of anxiety. The severe level of depression was determined by 11.91 %, very high level by 5.22 %. The analysis of examination of the quality of life has demonstrated, that 8.14 % had a low level of its physical component, 15.55 % had a low level of its emotional com- ponent, and 10.21 % had a low level of a social activity. Table I. Quality of life assessment 823 people M ± m average valueabsolute number % Physical mobility low level (10-30 point) 67 8,14 69,5±2,51average level (35-65 point) 288 34,99 high level (65-100 point) 468 56,87 Emotional condition low level (10-30 point) 128 15,55 72,39±3,27average level (35-65 point) 336 40,83 high level (65-100 point) 359 43,62 Social functions low level (10-30 point) 84 10,21 69,64±2,68average level (35-65 point) 231 28,07 high level (65-100 point) 508 61,72 Cognitive function low level (10-30 point) 62 7,53 96,05±3,24average level (35-65 point) 204 24,79 high level (65-100 point) 557 67,68 Natalya A. Maruta et al. 2180 DISCUSSION Summarizing the data obtained in this study, it should be noted that quarantine restrictions in some way affect the lifestyle of respondents. It has been noted that during quarantine the number of people overworking in stress and haste mode is decreasing. At the same time, the number of people who have a per- manent job is decreasing and the number of people who have distress during quarantine is increasing. The next pattern is the influence of distress factors, which manifested themselves in the form of concern for the lives and health of loved ones, concern for the violation of normal lifestyles, insecurity in actions of the authorities and restrictions on leisure outside. Also, we have found changes in lifestyle during quarantine, which manifested in the presence of harmful interest in the news and the presence of weak or moderate dependence, mainly on tobacco. Alcohol depen- dence in our study was less pronounced. According to the results of the study of the level of stress, anxiety and depression, it has been found that the respondents have a medium and high level of anxiety and depression. We obtained interesting data when assessing the qual- ity of life of respondents. Despite the fact that the overall indicators of quality of life and performance in the phys- ical, emotional, social and cognitive spheres were high, quantitative analysis of individual scales revealed the following negative trends. These are the deterioration of health during daily activities, the inconsistency of the state of health with the desire to get a well-paid job, feelings of loneliness and depression; impossibility to go on a good vacation and prevent financial problems due to the state of health. The data obtained in the study provide some pros- pects for psychoprophylaxis and psychoeducation among the population to strengthen the psychological state and mental health of the population. CONCLUSIONS Summarizing the data obtained in 823 examined patients during quarantine during the Covid-19 pandemic, we can describe the condition as follows: 1. 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The research was carried out within the framework of the scientific research work of the Department of Psychotherapy of the Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine on the topic “Mental health disorders under social stress: clinical phenomenology, predictors of formation, system of psychodiagnostics, psycho- therapy and psychological rehabilitation” (state registration number 0120U101490). ORCID and contributionship: Natalya A. Maruta: 0000-0002-6619-9150 A,E,F Marianna V. Markova: 0000-0003-0726-4925 B,D,F Hanna M. Kozhyna: 0000-0002-2000-707X C,F Tetiana А. Aliieva: 0000-0003-3511-027X B,F Lyudmyla М. Yuryeva: 0000-0002-1713-1037 D,F Tsira B. Abdryakhimova: 0000-0002-9406-2696 C,F Nataliia G. Pshuk: 0000-0001-9857-2565 B,F Andrii M. Skrypnikov: 0000-0002-1562-9421 E,F Conflict of interest: The Author declare no conflict of interest CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Natalya A. 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