0 TIMELINE HANDBOOK ON THE COURSE "HISTORY OF UKRAINE AND UKRAINIAN CULTURE" 1 МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ’Я УКРАЇНИ Харківський національний медичний університет TIMELINE HANDBOOK ON THE COURSE "HISTORY OF UKRAINE AND UKRAINIAN CULTURE" ХРОНОЛОГІЧНИЙ ДОВІДНИК З КУРСУ "ІСТОРІЯ УКРАЇНИ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ" Харків ХНМУ 2020 2 УДК 94:930.85(477)(035)(078) А56 Затверджено Вченою Радою ХНМУ Протокол № 5 від 26.06.2020. Alkov V., Ilin V. А56 Timeline handbook on the course "History of Ukraine and Ukrainian culture" / V. Alkov, V. Ilin. – Kharkiv : KhNMU, 2020. – 24 p. Proposed timeline handbook is intended to arrange knowledge of students in a systematic way, to form orientation in historical time and stable imagination of the sequence of historical events, periods, processes. The acquaintance with a historical timeline is a primary and basic need to study the history. Absence of a solid chronological knowledge and skills distorts perception of the past, causes serious mistakes in the interpretation of facts. The handbook is designed in accordance with the study program of the course “History of Ukraine and Ukrainian culture”. Альков В. А., Ільїн В. Г. А56 Хронологічний довідник з курсу "Історія України та української культури" / В. А. Альков, В. Г. Ільїн. – Харків : ХНМУ, 2020. – 24 с. Пропонований хронологічний довідник покликаний система- тизувати знання студентів, сформувати орієнтацію в історичному часі та стійке уявлення щодо послідовності історичних подій, періодів, процесів. Знайомство з історичною хронологією є першочерговою та базовою потребою під час вивчення історії. Відсутність міцних хронологічних знань та умінь викривляє уявлення про минуле, зумовлює серйозні помилки в інтерпретації фактів. Довідник укладено відповідно до програми навчальної дисципліни «Історія України та української культури». УДК 94:930.85(477)(035)(078) © Харківський національний медичний університет, 2020 © Альков В. Г., Ільїн В. Г., 2020 3 Topic 1. Ancient history and culture of Ukraine Timeline Events ≈ 1 million years ago Emergence of the first human (Homo Erectus) in the territory of Ukraine (Transcarpathia region) ≈ 40 thousand years ago Arrival of the first humans of the modern physical type (Cro-Magnons or Homo Sapiens) to the territory of Ukraine ≈ 1 million – 9 thousand BC (Before Christ) Paleolithic (Old Stone Period) ≈ X–VI millennium 1 BC Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) ≈ VI–III millennium BC Неоліт (Новий Кам’яний вік) ≈ IV–III millennium BC Енеоліт (Мідно-Кам’яний вік) ≈ IV–III millennium BC (regional) Presence of the Cucuteni-Trypillian archeological culture in the territory of Ukraine 2 Mid IV millennium BC (world) Formation of the Mesopotamian civilization (modern Iraq) 3300 BC (world) Formation of the Indus Valley Civilisation 3120 BC (world) Pharaoh Menes the unified Upper and Lower Egypt – establishment of the Egyptian state and civilization ≈ 2500–1800 years BC Eneolithic (Copper Age) ≈ 2000–1000 years BC Bronze Age 18 th century BC (II millennium) (world) Formation of the Chinese civilization ≈ 1000 BC – I millennium AD (Anno Domini 3 ) Stone Age X–VII centuries BC Domination of Cimmerians ib the Pontic (Northern Black Sea) steppes VII–ІII centuries BC Existence of the first state in the Ukrainian territory – Scythians’ empire. Flourishing of the “animalist style” in applied art VII – V centuries Ancient Greek colonization of the Northern Black 1 Millenium – period of a thousand years. 2 NB: the culture was named after the place of first archeological finidngs. The self-name is uknown due to the fact that Tripillians did not have a written language. 3 NB: from Latin – "in the year of the Lord". AD – is a traditional designation of the Christian dating system. 4 Timeline Events BC (transnational) Sea Coast 334–323 BC (world) Wars of Alexander the Great – creation of the first world empire that united European, Asian and African peoples ІII century BC – ІII century AD Domination of Sarmatian tribes in Southern Ukraine I–II centuries AD First mentions of Slavic tribes under the name “Veneti” by Ancient Greek and Roman authors (Pliny the Elder, Tacitus, Claudius Ptolemy) ІV–VII centuries AD (transnational) Migration period or Barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire through the Ukrainian lands. Invasions of Goths and Huns IV–VII centuries AD (transnational) Migration of early Slavs and their settlement in the Central-Easterna Europe. Wars of Slavs against Byzantine Empire (East Roman Empire). Slavic colonization of Balkans. Split of Slavic community to Sklaveni (ancestors of West and South Slavs) and Antes 4 (East Slavs). sec. half V century AD Foundation of Kyiv as a city 5 622 AD (world) Hegira – migration of the prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar 632 AD (world) Conquest of the Arab peninsula by the followers of Mohammad. Establishment of the Arab Caliphate VII century AD Conquest of Antes by Avars Topic 2. Princely Era (9th century – 1340-s of 14th century) Timeline Events 862 Invitation of a Varangian chieftain Rurik by East Slavic tribes to rule in Novgorod – foundation of the Rurikid royal dynasty that ruled first East Slavic state – Kyivan Rus and later the Tsardom of Moscow (ruled until 1598) 882 Conquest of Kyiv by the successor of Rurik – Varangian Prince Oleh – the foundation of Kyivan Rus 4 The name of East Slavic tribes that was used by the Byzantine historians of the VІ – VІІ centuries AD. 5 According to the archeological data. 5 Timeline Events 882–912 Reign of the Prince Oleh 907, 911 Succesful military campaigns of Oleh against the Byzantine Empire. Signing of the agreement about free trade with Greeks – international recognition of Rus 912–945 Reign of the Prince Ihor 945–64 Reign of the Princess Olha. Tax reform. 964–972 Reign of the Prince Sviatoslav the Brave. Defeat of the Khazar Khanate and campaigns against Balkan provinces of the Byzantine Empire. 980–1015 Reign of the Prince Volodymyr the Great 980 Volodymyr’s attempt to reform the Ancient Slavic polytheistic religion by the creation of the pantheon of all East Slavic gods. 988 (regional) Adoption of the Christianity as the official religion of Rus. In Northern Russian lands the Christianization lasted until 13 th century 1019–1054 Reign of the Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1037 Construction of the St. Sophia cathedral in Kyiv in commemoration of the victory over Nomadic tribes of Pechenegs 1051 Foundation of the Kyiv Monastery of Caves (Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra 6 ) 1054 (world) East-West or Great Schism – split of Christianity to Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) Churches ≈ 1072 Compiling of the “Ruska Pravda” – the first written legal code of Rus 1096–1271 (transnational) Crusades – series of the religious wars of European knights against Muslims for the control over the Holy Land (Palestine) 1097 The Council of Liubech – meeting of Rus princes with the aim to stop the fraternal war and unite efforts in defence against the Nomadic Cumans. Juridical fixation of the feudal disintegration of Rus and heredetiary principle of the royal succession in local principalities 7 . 6 Lavra – traditional name for the large Orthodox male monastery. 7 Council was convened in a town Liubech (now settlement in the Chernihiv oblast). 6 Timeline Events 1117 Completion of the first version of the Primary Chronicle by the monk Nestor (“Tale of Bygone Years”) 1113–1125 Reign of the Prince Volodymyr Monomakh who temporarily renewed the unity of Kyivan Rus 1145–1152 Reign of the Halych (Galician) Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl 1147 First mention of Moscow in the chronicle ≈ 1185–1187 Creation of the poem «Tale of Ihor’s Campaign» 1187 First mention of the name «Ukraine» 8 in the chronicle 1199 Creation of the single Galicia-Volhynia principality 1199–1205 Reign of the Prince Roman Mstislavich the Great in the Galicia-Volhynia principality 1223 The Battle of the Kalka River. Defeat of the joint forces of Rus principalities by Mongols. The first clash of Rus and Mongols 1238–1264 Reign of the Prince Danylo Romanovych – the greatest ruler of the Galicia-Volhynia principality and the first king of Rus 1240 (regional) Mongols seized and destriy Kyiv during the Great Western campaign of the Mongol Batu Khan. Beginning of the Mongol yoke – period of Rus dependency on the Golden Horde (Western Mongol empire). 1256 First mention of the city Lviv Topic 3. Lithuanian-Polish and Cossack period (mid.14th – late 17th centuries) Timeline Events 1230–1263 Reign of the first Grand Prince of Lithuania Mindaugas. Beginning of the Lithuanian expansion to Ukrainian lands 1316–1341 Reign of the Lithuanian Prince Gediminas 1324 First mention of the Magdeburg Law (charters about the town privileges and autonomy) in Ukraine 1340 Annexation of Volhynia principality by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 8 NB: the name regarded to the southmost frontier Pereyaslav principality that bordered Nomads. 7 Timeline Events 1345–1377 Reign of the Lithuanian Prince Algirdas who annexed the Kyiv principality and extended the borders of Lithuania to the Black Sea coast 1349 Beginning of the annexation of the Galicia principality by the Polish kingdom 1359 Annexation of Bukovina by the Moldavian principality ≈ 1362 9 Battle of Blue Waters – victory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania over the Golden Horde. End of the Mongol rule in Ukrainian lands. 1385 (regional) Signing of the Union of Krewo 10 – agreement about the dynastic link between Lithuania and Poland through the marriage of the Lithuanian Prince Jogaila and the Polish queen Jadwiga 1387 Annexation of Galicia by the Polish kingdom 1392–1430 Reign of the Lithuanian Prince Vytautas the Great 1410 (regional) Battle of Grunwald – victory of the coalition of Poland, Lithuania and Ruthenian principalities over the Teutonic Order. End of the expansion of German knights to Eastern Europe 1413 Union of Horodło – agreement between Poland and Lithuania on the unification of administrative systems. Beginning of the religious discrimination of Orthodox in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1449 Foundation of the Crimean Khanate – independent Tatar state that separated from the Golden Horde 1453 (world) Conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks. Fall of the Byzantine Empire 1478 The Crimean Khanate became a dependent state (vassal) of the Ottoman Empire 1489 First mention about the Ukrainian Cossacks 1492 (world) Christopher Columbus reached the Bahamas (discovery of America) 1498 (transnational) Portuguese sailor Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut and became the fisrt European who reached India by an ocean route 9 За іншими даними – 1363 р. 10 The Union was signed in the castle of Krewo in Belarus. 8 Timeline Events 1519 (world) Priest Martin Luther started the Reformation – religious movement for the reform of the Catholic Church that led to emergence of the new branch of Christianity – Protestantism and translation of the Bible to national languages 1529 The First Statute of Lithuania 11 came into force ≈ 1554 (Ukrainian) Foundation of the first Zaporizhian Sich by the Prince Dmytro Vyshnevetsky 1561 (Ukrainian) Creation of the Peresopnytsia Gospel – one of the first books in the Old Ukrainian language 1569 (regional) The Union of Lublin – agreement on the unification of Lithuania and Poland into single federal elective monarchy – the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1574 (Ukrainian) Edition of the first Cyrillic book in Ukrainian lands (in Lviv) – “The Apostle” by Ivan Fedorov 1591–1593 Rebellion by Krzysztof Kosiński – the first among Cossack uprisings of the late 16 th – mid 17 th centuries against the Polish and local landlords 1594–1596 Rebellion by Severyn Nalyvaiko. It was caused by the attempt of Poles to limit number of Cossacks. The rebellion for the first time covered the large territory (even spread to Belarus), rebels conquered several towns what helped to gain military experience. However it was cruerly suppressed by the Polish army 1596 (regional) The Union of Brest – agreement on the unification of the Orthodox Churches in Ukraine and Belarus with the Catholic Church and creation of the Greek-Catholic Church under the control of Pope for the Orthodox believers. The Union meant prohibition of the Orthodox Church in the Ukraiian lands of the Polish-Lithuaian Commonwealth and was a part of its discriminative religious politics 1615 Foundation of the Kyiv Brotherhood 11 Statutes of Lithuania – three legal codes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania adopted in 1529, 1566, 1588 that summirized Ruthenian and Lithianian laws, later became the part of Ukrainian legal tradtition and were in act until their cancellation in 1840 in the Russian Empire. 9 Timeline Events 1625 Rebellion by Marko Zhmaylo. It finished with the first agreement between Cossacks and the Polish-Lithuanian authorities who agreed to the amnesty for rebels and increase the Cossask register from 3 to 6 thousand 1630 Rebellion by Taras Fedorovych who defeated Poles and forced them to increase the register to 8 thousand 1635 Rebellion by Ivan Sulyma (Sulyma Uprising). Caused by the attempts of the Commonwealth to prevent arrival of the new runaways to Zaporizhian Sich. The defeat of rebels 1637–1638 Rebellion by Yakiv Ostryanyn (the Ostryanyn uprising). The defeat of rebels. According to the peace treaty the register reduced to 6 thiusand, Cossacks were prohibited to elect colonels and hetman 1648–1654 (regional, Ukrainian) Khmelnytsky Uprising or the National Liberation War headed by the hetman Bohdan Khmelnitskyi – the largest and successful Cossack uprising that finished with a creation of the first Ukrainian state – Hetmanate 1648 Battles of Zhovti Vody, Korsun and Pyliavtsi. Decisive victories of Cossacks over the Polish- Lithuanian forces. 1649 Siege of Zbarazh, Battle of Zboriv. Signing the Treaty of Zboriv – creation of the Cossack state (Hetmanate) 1651 Battle of Berestechko, defeat of Cossacks and signing the Treaty of Bila Tserkva 1654 (regional, Ukrainian) Pereyaslav Council та «March Articles» – incorpo- ration of the Hetmanate into the Tsardom of Russia 1657 Death of Bohdan Khmelnitskyi. Election of the hetman Ivan Vyhovsky who started pro-Polish and socially conservative politics. Beginning of the Civil War in Ukraine (“Ruin”). 1657–1687 (Ukrainian) The Ruin – period of civil wars, foreign interference, division and devastation of Ukrainian lands 1658 Treaty of Hadiach – agreement about the return of the Hetmanate to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a third autonomous part 10 Timeline Events 1659 Battle of Konotop – victory of the Cossack-Tatar forces of Ivan Vyhovsky over the Moscow army. Intensification of the internal tensions in the Hetmanate 1659–1663 Rule of the hetman Yuri Khmelnitskyi 1659 Pereyaslav Articles of Yuri Khmelnitskyi with the Tsardom of Russia – severe restrictions of the Cossack autonomy 1660 Treaty of Chudnov between Yuri Khmelnitskyi and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (limited version of the Treaty of Hadiach and break up with Russia) 1663 (Ukrainian) Elections of separate hetmans in the Right-bank and Left-bank Ukraine. Split of the Hetmanate. Peak of the Ruin 1663–1668 Rule of the the Left-bank hetman Ivan Briukhovetskyi 1663–1665 Rule of the Right-bank hetman Pavlo Teteria 1665 Moscow Articles – agreement between Ivan Briukhovetskyi and the Tsardom of Russia – the maximal limitation of the Cossack autonomy 1665–1676 Rule of the hetman Petro Doroshenko. Struggle for the reunification of Ukraine 1667 (regional, Ukrainian) Truce of Andrusovo – peace treaty between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ended the Russo-Polish War started in 1654 at the request of Bohdan Khmelnitskyi. Division of Ukraine between Russia and Poland along the Dnieper River. 1668 Popular anti-Russian uprising in the Left-bank Ukraine. Election of Petro Doroshenko as the hetman of both banks of Ukraine 1668–1672 Rule of the Left-bank hetman Demian Mnohohrishnyi 1669 Hlukhiv Articles – agreement Demian Mnohohrishnyi and the Tsardom of Russia – restoration of the Cossack autonomy. Petro Doroshenko and the Right-bank Cossacks accepted the Ottoman suzerainty over Ukraine 1672–1687 Rule of the Left-bank hetman Ivan Samoylovych 1672 Ottoman invasion of the Right-bank to support power of Petro Doroshenko. Devastation of the region 11 Timeline Events 1674–1678 Chyhyryn Campaigns – series of military operations of Russian, Turkish, right and left- bank Cossack armies with the aim to capture the Hetmanate capital – town Chyhyryn. Abdication of the hetman Petro Doroshenko in favor of Ivan Samoylovych 1678–1679 Forsible resettlement and depopulation of the Right-bank Ukraine by the hetman Ivan Samoylovych 1681 (regional, Ukrainian) Treaty of Bakhchisarai – the peace between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire that ended the Russo-Turkish War and redistributed Ukrainian lands between neighboring states (the Left-bank Ukraine region and Zaporizhian Cossacks were recognized as a Russian territory, while the Right-bank was left under the Ottoman control) 1683 (transnational) Battle of Vienna – defeat of the Ottoman Empire by the coalition of Austria, Holy Roman Empire (Germany), Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – the end of the Turkish expansion to Europe 1686 (regional, Ukrainian) “Eternal Peace” between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – confirmed division of Ukrainian lands between signatories, stabilize the Polish-Russian border until the late 18 th century. As a result of signing the Treaty Russia became a member of the anti- Ottoman coalition Topic 4: Ukraine in Modern time (18th – early 20th centuries) Timeline Events 1687–1709 Rule of the hetman Ivan Mazepa – period of stability and development of culture (Mazepa Baroque) in Ukraine 1687 Election of the hetman Ivan Mazepa. End of the Ruin 1700–1721 (regional) Great Northern War between a coalition of the European states headed by Russia against the Sweden domination in the Baltic Sea 1704 Ivan Mazepa managed to reunite both banks of Ukraine 1708 Swedish invasion of Ukraine. The secret agreement between Ivan Mazepa and Swedish 12 Timeline Events king Charles XII about protection of Ukraine by Sweden and joint war against Russia 1709 (Ukrainian, regional) Battle of Poltava – defeat of Swedes and Cossacks of Ivan Mazepa by the Russian army of the tsar Peter the Great 1710 (Ukrainian) The Constitution of the hetman Pylyp Orlyk. Its adoption brought to Ukraine the concept of separation of powers 1722–1727 Functioning of the First Collegium of Little Russia – governmental body of the Russian Empire that supervised the hetmans’ activity and acted instead of them 1722–1724 Rule of the hetman Pavlo Polubotok 1722–1794 Life of the philosopher Hryhorii Skovoroda 1727–1734 Reign of the hetman Danylo Apostol 1734–1750 «Governing Council of the Hetman Office» – functioning of the Russian administrative body instead of hetmans 1750–1764 Reign of the last hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky 1757 (transnational) Battle of Plassey – British victory over the Nawab of Bengal. Onset of the British rule in the India 1760s–1840s (world) Industrial Revolution 1764 Abolition of the hetman office 1764–1786 Second Collegium of Little Russia 1768 (Ukrainian) Koliivshchyna – the biggest haidamaka uprising against social and religious discrimination of Orthodox Ukrainians in the Right-bank Ukraine 1772 First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Annexation of the Eastern Belarus by the Russian Empire, and Galicia – by the Austrian Empire 1775 (Ukrainian) Destruction of the last Zaporizhian Sich by the Russian army 1775–1783 (world) American War for Independence (American Revolution) 1781 (Ukrainian) Abolition of the Cossack regimental system in the Left-bank Ukraine 13 Timeline Events 1782 Austrian Emperor Joseph II abolished the personal juridical dependence of Galician peasants on landlords 1783 (Ukrainian) Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire. Enslavement of peasants in the Left-bank and Sloboda Ukraine 1784 Foundation of the secular university in Lviv by the Austrian Emperor Joseph II – part of the modernizing reforms of “enlightened absolutism” 1789–1799 (world) Great French Revolution 1793 Second Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Annexation of the Right-bank Ukraine by the Russian Empire 1795 Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Com- monwealth. Annexation of the Western Volhynia and Belarus, Lithuania by the Russian Empire 1798 (Ukrainian) Edition of «Eneida» by Ivan Kotliarevsky – the first book in modern Ukrainian language. Symbolic beginning of the modern Ukrainian literature 1799–1815 (world) Napoleonic Wars 1804 (Ukrainian) Foundation of the Kharkiv University 1812 (world, Ukrainian) Napoleon invasion of Russia 1813–1835 Anti-feudal movement in the Right-bank Ukraine headed by Ustym Karmaliuk 1814–1861 Life of the poet Taras Shevchenko – founder of the Ukrainian literary language 1825–1826 Decembrists 12 uprisings in Petersburg and Ukraine 1830–1831 November Uprising – first Polish revolt against the Russian Empire. It spreaded to Ukraine 1833–1837 Activity of «Ruthenian Triad» 13 1834 Foundation of the Kyiv University 12 Decembrists – secret societies of the democratically-minded Russian officers- veterans of the Napoleonic Wars who planned to abolish absolutism and serfdom in Russia. 13 “Ruthenian Triad” – the Galician literary group named after its participants: Markiian Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatsky, and Ivan Vahylevych who were influenced by romanticism and tried to raise the vernacular language to the literary level. Activity of the group was important evidence of the unity of Eastern and Western Ukrainianians. 14 Timeline Events 1837 Edition of “Rusalka Dnistrovaia” (“The Dnister Nymph”) – collection of folk and original poems in Ukrainian by members of «Ruthenian Triad» 1840 (Ukrainian) First edition of “Kobzar” by Taras Shevchenko 1840s Beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the Ukrainian lands 14 1845–1847 рр. Activity of the Brotherhood of St. Cyril and Metho- dius – first modern Ukrainian political organization 1848–1849 (Ukrainian) Revolution in the Austrian Galicia. Abolition of serfdom in Western Ukraine 1848–1851 Activity of the Chief Ruthenian Council in Lviv – first Ukrainian political organization in Western Ukraine 1853–1856 (regional, Ukrainian) Crimean War 1857–1858 (transnational) Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny) 1861 (Ukrainian) Peasant Reform in the Russian Empire – abolition of serfdom 1860s–1870s Great Reforms – period of liberal and bourgeois 15 modernization reforms in the Russian Empire initiated by the Emperor Alexander II (reforms of local self-government, judicial system, educational and finance reforms, introduction of conscription) 1863 Valuev Circular – prohibition of educational and religious literature in the Ukrainian language in the Russian Empire 1863–1864 Second Polish Uprising against the Russian Empire 1865 Construction of the first railroad in the Russian- ruled Ukraine 1876 Ems Decree – prohibition on import of Ukrainian books to the Russian Empire 1885 (transnational) Foundation of the Indian National Congress 1890 (Ukrainian) Creation of the Ukrainian Radical Party in Eastern Galicia – the first Ukrainian political party 14 Transition from manual to mechanical labor. 15 Bourgeois – i.e. “Capitalist”, something that expresses or meets interests of bussinessmen. Bourgeoisie – social class that engaged into production and trade in frames of the market relations as owners/holders of “capital” (means of production), exploiters of the hired labor and receivers of profit. 15 Timeline Events 1900 (Ukrainian) Creation of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party 16 – the first Ukrainian political party in the Russian Empire 1905–1907 (regional, Ukrainian) First Russian Revolution 17 . Elections to the first Russian parliament and creation of the Ukrainian parliamentary representation 1906–1911 Stolypin agrarian reforms 18 1907 Introduction of the universal manhood suffrage in Western Ukraine 1907–1917 Period of the post-revolutionary reaction in the Russian Empire. Prohibition of the Ukrainian cultural organizations Topic 5: Ukraine of the Newest period (1914 – early 21st century) Timeline Events 1914–1918 World War I 1914 Creation of the Chief Ukrainian Council and Union for the Liberation of Ukraine – organizations that called on Ukrainians to fight on side of Austrians against Russia 1914 – 1916 Existence of the Legion of Ukrainian Riflemen – volunteer military unit of the Austro-Hungarian army 1914 Battle of Galicia – occupation of the Austrian Galicia by the Russian imperial army. Repressions against Ukrainian activists 1915 German-Austrian counteroffensive in Western Ukraine and retreat of the Russian army 1916 Brusilov Offensive – the biggest advance of the Russian army and most successful operation of the Triple Entente against the Central Powers on the Eastern Front 16 Later it was renamed as the Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers’ Party. 17 Although the revolution was suppressed by the imperial authorities, the tsar Nicolas II was forced to proclaim basic civil rights, allow elections to the first Russian parliament (Duma) and legal activity of political parties. 18 Stolypin agrarian reforms – transformation of the village communities into large individual farms. The refroms were initiated by the Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin to create a social basis of the tsarist power (rich farmers) and thereby confront the revolution. Interrupted after the assassination of Stolypin, the reforms facilitated the social differentiation among Ukrainian peasants and development of capitalism. 16 Timeline Events 1916–1918 (transnational) Arab Revolt – uprising of the Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire that led to establishment of independent Arad states 23 February – 2 March 1917 19 (regional) February Revolution – the first, democratic stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917. Collapse of the Russian monarchy. Establishment of the “Dual Power” 20 O. S. 4 March 1917 (Ukrainian) Creation of the Ukrainian Central Rada (Council) – the first Ukrainian parliament O. S. 10 June 1917 І Universal of the Central Rada – announcement of Ukrainian national autonomy within Russia O. S. 3 July 1917 ІІ Universal – recognition of the Central Rada as a local representative of the Russian Provisional Government O. S. 25 October 1917 (world) October Revolution – Bolshevik coup against the Provisional Government. Establishment of the Soviet republic in Russia O. S. 7 November 1917 (Ukrainian) ІІІ Universal – proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) December 1917 – June 1918 First war between the Ukrainian People's Republic and Soviet Russia December 1917 Proclamation of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic in Kharkiv. Beginning of the Civil War in Ukraine O. S. 9 January 1918 ІV Universal declared independence of Ukraine O. S. 27 January 1918 (regional) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – peace between the Central Powers and the Ukrainian People's Republic. International recognition of the UPR, German-Austrian military aid in exchange for the food supplies 29 April 1918 Dismissal of the Central Rada by German occupation forces. Proclamation of the tsarist general Pavlo Skoropadsky as the hetman of Ukraine 19 The dates are given in accordance with the Julian calendar (Old Style, O. S.) that was used in Russia until 1918. 20 “Dual Power” – the political situation that existed in Russia in 1917 since the fall of monarchy till the Bolshevik coup and which was a coexistence of two parallel centers of power – the Provisional Government on the on hand and Soviets (Councils) of Workers’, Soldiers’ and Peasants’ deputies – on the other. 17 Timeline Events April – December 1918 Existence of the Ukrainian State – conservative and counterrevolutionary dictatorship of the hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky backed by the German-Austrian occupation troops November 1918 (world, regional) Surrender of Germany to the Triple Entente – end of the WWI. Restoration of Poland's independence andcreation of the West Ukrainian People’s Republic November 1918 – July 1919 Polish-Ukrainian War November – December 1918 Uprising of the Directory of Ukraine against the hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky. Restoration of the UPR November 1918 – April 1921 Second war of Soviet Russia against the Ukrainian People’s Republic 1918–1921 Policy of “War Communism” 21 in the Ukrainian lands under the Soviet rule December 1918 – November 1920 Existence of the Directory of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (leader – Symon Petlura) 22 January 1919 (Ukrainian) “Zluka Act” – unification of the Ukrainian and West Ukrainian People’s Republics 1919 Alternate occupation of the Ukrainian lands by armies of Soviet Russia, “Whites” (Russian monarchists), Poles. “Death Triangle” – encirclement of the UPR by enemies 1920 (regional) Anti-Soviet alliance between Poland and the UPR. The Polish-Soviet War. The last offensive of White Army in Southern Ukraine. Expulsion of “Whites” from Crimea. Vicory of Soviet Russia in the Civil War 1921 (transnational) Mahatma Gandhi became the leader of the Indian National Congress 21 “War Communism” – policy of the Soviet governments and Bolshevik (Communist) Party during the Civil War. The policy aimed to win the war by consolidating all production facilitites, resources, transport in hands of the government. The total nationalization (transfer of private property to the public one) also was seen by certain Communists as a possibility of immediate establishment of the Communist (i. e. classeles and stalesss) society. The most negative element of that policy in eyes of the population were forcible confiscations of agricultural products from farmers which led to the widescale peasant uprisings against Bolsheviks in 1919 and temporary loss of Ukraine by them. 18 Timeline Events 18 March 1921 (regional) Peace of Riga between Soviet Russia, Soviet Ukraine and Poland – recognition of the Polish occupation of Western Ukraine by Soviets in exchange for recognition of the Soviet Ukraine by Poland November 1921 End of the regular armed struggle of the UPR. Victory of the Bolsheviks 1921–1929 New Economic Policy (NEP) 22 1921–1923 Famine in Ukraine 23 1922 (world) Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1923–1933 Policy of Ukrainization 24 1925 Beginning of the planned industrialization in the USSR 1927 Beginning of the collectivization 25 1928–1932 First five-year plan in the USSR – rapid creation of the modern industry 1929 Creation of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) 1930 (transnational) Salt March (Dandi Satyagraha) 22 New Economic Policy (NEP) – economic policy proposed by the Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin to recover Soviet Russia after the Civil War. The New Economic Policy partially allowed elements of market relations while maintaining the economical management, big enterprises, finances, transport in the hands of the state (state capitalism). 23 Although the famine of 1921–1923 was natural the policy of “War Communism” and outcomes of the WWI and the Civil War exacerbated it scale and death rates. 24 Ukrainization – official policy of the Soviet leadership on support and introduction of the Ukrainian culture and language in various spheres of life. The Communist Party initiated the Ukrainization to strengthen Soviet rule in Ukraine through the involvement of local people into public service and through enhancing the national image of state and Party institutions. The Ukrainization was the Ukrainian version of the all-Union policy of indigenization – support of non-Russian cultures in the outskirts of the USSR. The indigenization in general had to make the Soviet power attractive to colonized nations of Asia and Africa. 25 Collectivization – mass creation of the collective farms that was carried out in the USSR in late 1920 and early 1930s. The collectivization included the liquidation of individual farms, numerous arrests and exiles of peasants, the organization of the artificial famine (Holodomor) by the Stalinist leadership to force peasants work in collective farms in favor of the state. The collectivization was the main mechanism to ensure and finance the rapid industrialization that was carried out by the Soviet government at the same time. 19 Timeline Events 1930–1939 Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia 26 1932–1933 (Ukrainian) Holodomor 1937–1938 «Great Purge» – mass political terror in Soviet Ukraine September 1938 (world) «Munich Agreement» between Nazi Germany and Britain, France, Italy on the division of Czechoslovakia 15–18 March 1939 (Ukrainian) Existence of the independent Carpathian Ukraine as a result of the German occupation of Czechoslovakia 23 August 1939 (world) Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the USSR and secret protocol on the division of spheres of influence in the Central-Eastern Europe (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) 1 September 1939 German invasion of Poland. Beginning of the World War II 17 September 1939 Occupation of Western Ukraine by Soviets. Beginning of the Sovetization 27 of the region 1940 Soviet annexation of the Northern Bukovina Southern Bessarabia (now – regions of Ukraine) 1940 Split of the OUN into two wings – moderate old emigrants headed by Andrii Melnyk (OUN-M) and young radical headed by Stepan Bandera (OUN-B) 22 June 1941 (world) Germany invaded the USSR. Beginning of the German-Soviet War 30 June 1941 (Ukrainian) Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state announced by the OUN-B in Lviv. Arrest of the leaders of Ukrainian nationalists by German occupants July–September 1941 First Battle of Kyiv (Kiev Strategic Defensive Operation). Encirclement and destruction of the Soviet South-Western Front by the German Army 26 Pacification – punitive military and police actions of the Polish authorities against the Ukrainian population and its organizations which were carried in response to sabotage and terrorist acts of Ukrainian nationalists. 27 Sovietization – forsible introduction of a political system and orders of the Stalinist USSR (collectivization, one-party system, mass repressions, free healthcare and free education in national languages) in Western Ukraine and Baltic states occupied by Soviets according to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and carried from 1939 until early 1950s. 20 Timeline Events Fall 1941 Mass shootings of the Jewish population and other “inferior” groups of Ukraine by Nazis (Holocaust 28 ) October 1941 – August 1943 German occupation of Kharkiv October 1941 – January 1942 Battle of Moscow. First defeat of the German Army in the WWII. Collapse of the “blietzkrieg” strategy 1 January 1942 (world) Declaration by United Nations was signed by the UK, the USA, the USSR and China on thecreation of the Anti-Hitler Coalition (Allies of the WWII) July 1942 Complete occupation of Ukraine by Nazi Germany and its Allies July 1942 – February 1943 (world) Battle of Stalingrad – victory of the Red Army, turning point of the WWII. Transfer of the strategic initiative from Germany to the Anti-Hitler Coalition (United Nations) November 1942 (world) Victory of the British Army in the Second Battle of El Alamein (North Africa). Anglo-American landing in North Africa (Operation Torch) October 1942 Creation of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army by the OUN-B 1943–1944 Mutual Ukrainian-Polish ethnic cleansing in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia July–August 1943 (world) Battle of Kursk – failure of the last strategic German offensive on the Eastern Front 23 August 1943 Liberation of Kharkiv September – December 1943 Battle of the Dnieper 6 November 1943 Liberation of Kyiv 1944 Liberation of the Right-bank Ukraine, Crimea, Western Ukraine. Entrance of the Red Army to territory of German allies – Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia 6 June 1944 (world) Operation Overlord – Anglo-American landing in France. Opening of the Western Front 28 Holocaust – (from Greek holos – “whole” and kaustos – “burnt offering”) – systematic extermination of Jews and other groups (“incurably sick”, Slavic people, Soviet prisoners of war, political opponents etc) by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during the World War II. The Holocaust is the most famous example of genocide. 21 Timeline Events 28 October 1944 Complete liberation of Ukraine February 1945 (transnational) Yalta Conference of leaders of the Anti-Hitler Coalition on the postwar organization Europe. Ukraine was affirmed in its current borders 9 May 1945 (world) Surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies (USSR, USA, UK, France) August 1945 (world) Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2 September 1945 (world) Surrender of Japan to the Allies. End of the WWII 1946–1947 Post-war famine in Ukraine 1947 Operation Vistula – forced resettlement of Ukrainians from Poland to Soviet Ukraine, mutual transfer of ethnic minorities between Soviet Ukraine and Poland to undermine the material base of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army 15 August 1947 (transnational) India proclaimed independence from the United Kingdom 1948 (transnational) Establishment of the State of Israel. The First Arab-Israeli War 1953 Death of Joseph Stalin. Beginning of the Khrushchev liberalization (Period of “Thaw”) 1954 Transfer of Crimea to Soviet Ukraine 1956 (Ukrainian) Secret speech of Nikita Khrushchev at the ХХ Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Start of the destalinization and rehabilitation of political prisoners 1956 (world) Suez Crisis Late 1950s – mid 1960s Movement of “Sixtiers” 29 in the USSR 1960 (world) Year of Africa – culmination of African anti- colonial movements when seventeen African nations got independence 12 April 1961 Journey of the first human into outer space 29 “Sixtiers” – generation of Soviet intellectuals and artists that formed after the World War II and was active during the period of “Khrushchev thaw”, mostly in 1960s. “Sixtiers” were young artists who refused to work in Socialist Realism manner, glorified universal human values, criticized Stalin crimes, and demanded the democratization of the Soviet regime but in general they believed in its improvement. 22 Timeline Events 1964–1985 Era of Stagnation 1985–1991 Period of Perestroika 26 April 1986 (world) Chornobyl disaster 16 July 1990 Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine 24 August 1991 (Ukrainian) Act of Declaration of Independence of Ukraine 1 December 1991 (Ukrainian) Ukrainian independence referendum and election of the first President of Ukraine 8 December 1991 (world) Belovezha Accords – agreement of the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus on the dissolution of the USSR 1991–1994 Presidency of Leonid Kravchuk 1992 – mid 2000s Privatization of the state enterptrises, emergence of oligarchy 1994–2005 Presidency of Leonid Kuchma 1994 (transnational) Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances – nuclear disarmament of Ukraine 1994 (transnational) End of apartheid 30 in South Africa. Election of Nelson Mandela as the South African President 1996 Adoption of the Constitution of independent Ukraine and introduction of the national currency – hryvnia November 2004 – January 2005 «Orange Revolution» 2005–2010 Presidency of Viktor Yushchenko 2010–2014 Presidency of Viktor Yanukovich 21 November 2013 – 22 February 2014 (Ukrainian) «Revolution of Dignity» (Euromaidan) February–March 2014 (transnational) Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation March – June 2014 (transnational) Signing of the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement April 2014 (transnational) Beginning of the Anti Terrorist Operation in Donbass АТО (since 2018 – Joint Forces Operation) 30 Apartheid – policy of the racial segregation that existed in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 and limited the civil rights of the local African population. 23 Timeline Events 2014–2019 Presidency of Petro Poroshenko September 2014, February 2015 (transnational) Signing of the Minsk Agreements to cease the war in Donbass and set political solution of the conflict 2019 Election of the President Volodymyr Zelensky 24 Навчальне видання ХРОНОЛОГІЧНИЙ ДОВІДНИК З КУРСУ "ІСТОРІЯ УКРАЇНИ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ" Упорядники Альков Володимир Андрійович Ільїн Вадим Геннадійович Відповідальний за випуск І. Ю. Робак Комп'ютерна верстка О. Ю Лавриненко Формат А5. Ум. друк. арк. 2,5. Зак. № 20-34023. ________________________________________________________________ Редакційно-видавничий відділ ХНМУ, 61022, пр. Науки, 4, м. Харків, 61022 izdatknmurio@gmail.com Свідоцтво про внесення суб'єкта видавничої справи до Державного реєстру видавництв, виробників і розповсюджувачів видавничої продукції серії ДК № 3242 від 18.07.2008 р. mailto:izdatknmurio@gmail.com