Adrenergic drugs Ass. Aleksandrova A.V. Adrenergic synapse Adrenergic receptors α1 adrenoceptors (postsinaptic membrane) 1. Vessels (skin, mucous,) 2. Eye, 3. Urine bladder 4. Uterus 5. Prostate gland 6. CNS Constriction, increase blood pressure, Mydriasis Increase of sphincter closure Constriction Constriction Excitation α2 adrenoceptors (primarily presinaptic membrane) 1.Presinaptic membrane (feedback inhibition) 2. Vessels (noninnervated) 3.Vasomotor center 4. Pancreas 5. Fat tissue 6. CNS Decrease releasing of Ach, NA Constriction Inhibition Inhibition of insulin release Lipolisis ↓ Sedative action β1 adrenoceptors + Fat tissue – increase lipolisis β2 adrenoceptors β2 adrenoceptors Adrenomimetics α and β adrenomimetics Adrenaline (α1, α2, β1, β2) Noradrenaline (α1, α2, β1) α adrenomimetics Phenylephrine (Mesatonum) (α1) Naphazoline (Naphthyzinum) (α2) Xylometazoline (Halazoline) (α2) Oxymetazoline (α2) Clonidine (Clophelinum) (α2) Guanfacine (α2) β adrenomimetics Dobutamine (β1) Salbutamol (β2) Salmeterol (β2) Isadrinum (β1, β2 ) Fenoterol (β2) Terbutaline (β2) Sympatomimetics Ephedrine Phenylephrine (Mesatonum) (α1) Pharmacological effects * Constriction of vessels → Increasing of BP→ stimulation of baroreceptors → reflex bradycardia * Mydriasis (reduced radial muscles) to the ciliary muscle has no effect (parasympathetic inervation) USES Acute and chronic hypotension Prolongation of local anaesthesia For producing midriasis Decrease in edema of the mucous membrane in acute rhinitis or conjunctivitis Side effects Hypertension, headache, bradycardia, tissue ischemia, impaired urination Naphazoline (Naphthyzinum) Xylometazoline (Halazoline) Clonidine (Clophelinum) Oxymetazoline α 2 adrenomimetics Constriction of peripheral vessels Used for treatment rhinitis Side effect Tachyphylaxis (after the abolition - nasal congestion due to rebound vasodilation) especially oxymetazoline and xylometazoline) α 2 adrenomimetics Clonidine, Guanfacine Pharmacological effects: Stimulation of α2 adrenoceptors in CNS→ decrease heart rate, dilatation of vessels→ BP↓ Stimulation peripheral α2 adrenoceptors→ also reduces the effect of sympathetic inervation on the heart and blood vessels → BP↓ - Sedative - Potentiates the effect of alcohol - Decreases the production of intraocular fluid and improves its outflow Application -Hypertension -Hypertensive crisis (I.V. introduction can cause short-time ↑ blood pressure, due to the stimulation of extrasynaptic α2 - A / P - Painkiller - Glaucoma β1 - adrenomimetics Dobutamine, Dophamine Stimulation of β1 adrenoceptors - in heart→ increase heart rate and force - in kidney→↑ secretion of renin → formation of angiotensin 2 → BP↑ Dopamine stimulating D1receptors → vasodilation internal organs and kidney → prevents the development of the ischemia of internal organs in cardiogenic shock Application Cardiac acute heart failure Side effect Tachycardia, ↑ myocardial oxygen demand, increased cardiac arrhythmia (β2) - adrenomimetics Stimulating extrasynaptic β2 a/r → - relaxation of smooth muscles of the bronchi, - decreased tone and contractile activity of the myometrium, - blood vessels dilate (skeletal muscle, liver, coronary vessels) Salbutamol Terbutaline Fenoterol Salmeterol Formoterol Application *bronchial asthma * Risk of miscarriage, tocolytic agents β1, β2 - adrenomimetics Pharmacological effects - Increase heart rate, systolic blood pressure ↑ - Facilitating a.v. conductivity - Increase automaticity, - Vasodilatation, peripheral resistanse ↓, BP↓ - Reduction of bronchial tone Application *To enhance atrioventricular conduction *Bronchodilator Side effect marked tachycardia, high myocardial oxygen demand, high risk of arrhythmias Isoprenaline (Izadrin) α and β- adrenomimetics (Epinephrine) Adrenaline hydrochloride (α1, α2, β1, β2) Pharmacological effects -constriction of vessels, PR ↑ - Heart rate ↑, stroke volume and cardiac output ↑, BP ↑ - Dilated pupils - Reduces the intraocular pressure - Relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi - Reducing the tone and motility of the gastrointestinal tract, tone of the sphincter ↑ - Glycogenolysis ↑ → hyperglycemia - Activation of lipolysis → free fatty acids in plasma ↑ - Improving the functional state of skeletal muscle Use of adrenaline hydrochloride *Anaphylactic shock *Prevention of acute attack of BA *Cardiac arrest *Open-angle glaucoma *Hypoglycemic coma *Together with local anesthetics (to prolong their action and reducing their resorptive action) Taking enterally is destroyed, used parenterally (s /c, i/m, i/v) and locally. Acts briefly (i/v- 5 min; s/c- 30 min) adrenaline hydrochloride Side effect - Sharp ↑ BP - possibly a brain hemorrhage - Heart rhythm disturbances (at high doses) - Stimulating effect on the central nervous system (anxiety, dizziness, headache, tremor, nausea) Can not be used in conjunction with some drugs for anesthesia (Halothane, Phtorotane), which increases the risk of arrhythmias Contraindication Hypertension, angina pectoris Expressed atherosclerosis, angle-closure glaucoma, Diabetes, pregnancy Noradrenaline hydrotartrate (α1, α2, β1, β2) Pharmacological effects 1. Narrowing of blood vessels, PR ↑ → BP↑ (α- adrenergic stimulation)      (Unlike Adrenaline subsequent reduction in blood pressure is observed , because it has little effect on β2 - adrenergic receptors) 2. Increased blood pressure → reflex bradycardia → stimulation of the vagus nerve center → enhance its inhibitory effect on heart rate 3. Stimulating β1 - a/p of heart → heart force ↑, stroke volume ↑, but due to reflex decreasing in heart rate does not increase cardiac output. 4. On the smooth muscles of internal organs, metabolism and CNS has the same effect as adrenaline, but less pronounced Noradrenaline hydrotartrate (α1, α2, β1, β2)    Application In many states, accompanied by a sharp decrease in blood pressure (trauma, surgery) Side effect Respiratory failure headache arrhythmia Enterally it is destroyed, when use s/c - cause spasm of blood vessels at the injection site, is poorly absorbed, tissue necrosis Sympathomimetics (indirect adrenomimetics) Ephedrine Pharmacological effects Very close to adrenaline * on CNS - mild stimulating effect, reduces fatigue, the need for sleep, increases efficiency (less effective than amphetamine).  Application - Bronchodilator - increase blood pressure - Allergies (hay fever, serum sickness) - Rhinitis - Narcolepsy (pathological sleepiness) Side effect *Repeated dose at short intervals (10-30 min) - addiction (tachyphylaxis) Nervous agitation, insomnia, disturbances of blood circulation, limb tremor, urinary retention Ephedrine belongs to doping agents and fobbiden for athletes Adrenoblockers These are drugs, which antogonize the receptor action of adrenaline and related drugs. * 1. Ergotamine (α1,α2) α 1, α 2 adrenoblockers Nonselective: *Phenoxybenzamine *Phentolamine Ergot alkaloids: *Ergotamine *Ergotoxine Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids: * Dihydroergotamine * Dihydroergotoxine Ergot alkaloids with nicotinic acide: * Nicergoline Phentolamine * Pronounced vasodilator action * Decrease in blood pressure * Reflex tachycardia * "Perverts" pressor effect of epinephrine Pharmacological effects: Application: * For the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma * Raynaud's disease, * Occlusive disease Side effects: * Orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, dizziness, nasal congestion, angina, arrhythmia,↑ secretion of HCl, diarrhea Ergot alkaloids: Dihydroergotamine, Nicergoline * Dilatation on of peripheral vessels, blood pressure ↓ * Regulating effect on vascular tone brain (dihydroergotamine agonist of serotonin 5-HT 1 receptor) * Myotropic spasmolytic activity (Nicergoline) Pharmacological effects: Application: * Migraine * Chronic ischemic attacks * Peripheral circulatory disorders Selective α adrenoblockers * Prazosin * Alfuzosin * Doxazosin *Tamsulosin * Terazosin With the optional central action: * Urapidil Prazosin, Doxazosin, Terazosin Pharmacological effects: * Dilatation of arterial and venous vessels, PR and venous return to the heart ↓, BP ↓ → reflex tachycardia. * Due to dilatation of the veins → orthostatic hypotension Application: * Hypertension, * Raynaud's syndrome, * Benign prostatic hyperplasia Side effect: "The phenomenon of the first dose": a sharp drop in blood pressure, and even the development of orthostatic collapse after the first dose Prevention: receive a half dose before bedtime  frequent urination, nasal congestion, peripheral edema Β- adrenoblockers Blockade of β1-adrenoceptor - The weakening of the heart - Decrease in heart rate (due to the reduction of automatism in sinus node) ↓ cardiac output, myocardial oxygen demand↓ - Inhibition of atrioventricular conduction - Reduction of automaticity in atrioventricular node and Purkinje fibers - β1 a/p in kidney → decrease secretion of renin and angiotensin II * Vasoconstriction * Increasing tone of the bronchi * Increasing the contractile activity of the myometrium * Reducing the hyperglycemic action of adrenaline (inhibit glycogenolysis: reduced breakdown of glycogen in the liver and ↓ levels of glucose in blood) Blockade of β2-adrenoceptor The main pharmacological effects of β adrenoblockers The main effects Basic mechanisms of development therapeutic effects Indications Hypotensive Decreased cardiac output, recovery baroreceptor depressor reflex, reduced secretion of renin (reduced synthesis of angiotensin II) Hypertension Antianginal Decreasing of heart rate – reducing of heart work, as a result – reducing oxygen demand in myocardium Angina pectoris (stable) Antiarrithmic Depression automaticity of the sinus node, atrioventricular node conduction Supraventricular tachicardia Oppression automaticity of ectopic foci Extrasistols Decreasing of intraocular pressure Reduce the formation of intraocular fluid Open-angle glaucoma (Timolol,Betaxolol) Classification of β - adrenoblockers PROPRANOLOL (β1, β2) (lipidsoluble, crosses the placental and blood-brain barrier, 90% of plasma protein binding) Clinical uses Hypertension Angina pectoris Cardiac arrhythmias  Myocardial infarction after the acute period Thyrotoxicosis  For the prevention of migraine attacks Essential tremor Side effects - Heart failure (excessive reduction in cardiac output) - Bradycardia, - Atrioventricular block - Bronchospasm - Peripheral vascular spasm, - Enhances hypoglycemia caused by drugs, - Depression of CNS: lethargy, fatigue, drowsiness, depression. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea   * Withdrawal syndrom - increased heart rate, increased frequency of angina attacks. β adrenoblockers Nonselective blockers of α and β adrenoceptors Carvedilol α1 – dilatation of peripheral vessels, ↓ PR β1 - ↓ heart rate. Reduced pressure without causing tachycardia. Has an antioxidant effect. Application Hypertension, angina pectoris, in complex treatment of chronic heart failure Side effects   - Bradycardia (blockade β1) - Orthostatic hypotension (blockade of α1) - Bronchospasm (blockade β2) Sympatholytics * Reserpine * Guanethidine RESERPINE * Cumulated in the membranes of the vesicles, *  Violates entrance of dopamine in vesicles (as a result – violates of norepinephrine synthesis) * Violates reuptake of norepinephrine by vesicles, depletes storage of catecholamines in granules, depletes storage of serotonin, * Violates the interaction of norepinephrine with ATP → deposition of NA. * Makes sedative and weak antipsychotic effect.  * Enhances the effect of hypnotic and anesthetic drugs. * Depression of respiration, body temperature ↓. * Arterial blood pressure when administered reserpine gradually reduced (several days). * Inhibition by reserpine adrenergic innervation leads to the predominance of cholinergic effects (bradycardia, increased secretory and motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract, miosis). RESERPINE Clinical uses Hypertension (in combination) Weak antipsychotic action (neuroleptic) Symptomatic treatment of thyrotoxicosis Guanethidine (Octadinum) * connects dofaminoksidase * penetrates into the vesicles and displaces norepinephrine from vesicles. * located in the cytoplasm free norepinephrine largely inactivated MAO Oktadin has a little effect on the level of catecholamines in the central nervous system (does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier) image2.jpeg image3.jpeg image4.png image5.gif image6.gif image7.gif image8.gif image9.png image10.png image11.png image12.png image13.png image14.jpeg image15.jpeg image16.jpeg image17.jpeg image18.jpeg image19.jpeg image20.jpeg image21.jpeg image22.jpeg image23.jpeg image24.png image25.png image26.png image27.png image28.jpeg image29.jpeg image30.jpeg image31.jpeg image32.jpeg image33.jpeg image34.jpeg image35.jpeg image36.jpeg image37.jpeg image38.jpeg image39.png image40.png image41.jpeg image42.jpeg image43.jpeg image44.jpeg image45.jpeg image46.gif image47.jpeg image48.jpeg