Закономірності будови та індивідуальної анатомічної мінливості первинної зорової та соматосенсорної кори півкуль мозку людини

Abstract

Досліджена ширина кори півкуль мозку людини, а саме первинної зорової та соматосенсорної областей, і встановлено залежність ширини шарів кори від віку людини. Подальше вивчення закономірностей індивідуальної анатомічної мінливості верхньої тім’яної часточки та первинної зорової кори півкуль великого мозку людини сприятиме підвищенню точності посмертної та прижиттєвої діагностики захворювань ЦНС. Исследована ширина коры полушарий мозга человека, а именно первичная зрительная и соматосенсорная области, и установлено зависимость ширины слоев коры от возраста человека. Дальнейшее изучение закономерностей индивидуальной анатомической изменчивости верхней теменной доли и первичной зрительной коры полушарий большого мозга человека будет способствовать повышению точности как посмертной так и прижизненной диагностике заболеваний ЦНС. Studying the individual anatomical variability and structural pattern of the human brain cortex is one of urgent problems of modern neuromorphology. Investigation of the visual cortex, which is responsible for the perception and processing of visual signals is of particular importance, since the visual analyzer is a leading analyzer in human life, that ensures 90% of the information received visually only (N. Lindgren, 1962; V.V. Turyhin, 1994; T.E. Rossolimo, I.A. Moskvina-Tarkhanova et al. 1999). Currently, the issue of unequal involvement of both left and right brain hemispheres in visual perception is widely discussed in the literature. Numerous clinical observations have convincingly shown the features of symptoms and course of various types of vision impairment based on the disorders of the left and right hemispheres of the human brain. Defects in visual and somatosensory functions and the nature of these disorders vary depending on the location of the lesion in either left or right visual cortex and cortex of superior parietal lobulus of the human brain (A.A. Nevskaya et al. 1996; N.H. Blipova, S.N. Vityaz, T.V. Dushenina, 2000; V.A. Vasilyeva, N.S. Shumeyko, 2002; Johnson, 1993; Karri, Monti, 1995; Thomes, Nelson, 1996). The key point in understanding the structural features of human cortical formations and cytoarchitectonic brain asymmetry is the study of individual variability of the human brain. Brodmann’s area 17 covers the inner surface, the entire depth and both lips of the calcarine fissure of occipital lobes of the brain. This area of the cortex is functionally equivalent to the primary visual cortex (area V1). It ensures processing of information on static and moving objects, especially identification of simple patterns. It is granular (sensor) by its structure. Brodmann’s area 5 covers the outer surface and both gyrus of the superior parietal lobulus of the brain. This area of the cortex is somatosensory. The primary visual cortex and cortex of superior parietal lobulus are divided into six functionally isolated horizontal cytoarchitectonic layers, numbered using Roman numerals from I to VI. Layer IV (inner granular layer). The primary visual cortex corresponds to the anatomically-specified striate cortex. The name is due to a clearly visible line of Gennari formed of myelinated axons that run from the external geniculate body and end in layer IV of the gray matter. Using modern methods of quantitative morphometry allows us to consider in a new light the issues of development and relationship of cytoarchitectonic signs of cortical areas in both left and right hemispheres and their role in the formation of the human brain asymmetry, which is a new step in understanding the structural and functional organization of the human brain.The purpose of the study is to investigate the structure and individual anatomical variability of the primary visual cortex and cortex of superior parietal lobulus of the human brain. Methods of the study. The following methods shall be applied in this study: anatomical macro- and microdissection, morphometry, photomacrography of the primary visual cortex. The resulting data shall be processed by conventional statistical (index, variation statistics) methods, with further correlation and regression analysis, as well as application of the methods of component analysis of morphological structure. Scientific novelty. In this paper, the structure of the human primary vision cortex and cortex of superior parietal lobulus will be studied for the first time in terms of its individual anatomical variability. Practical relevance. Studying the individual anatomical variability of the primary visual cortex and cortex of superior parietal lobulus will give a better insight into the structural norm and age differences in morphology, and morphological changes in the visual and somatosensory cortex in various diseases. Expected results. It is planned to study the anatomical structure of the primary visual cortex and cortex of superior parietal lobulus with regard to individual anatomical variability and sex and age characteristics that will increase the accuracy of diagnosis of diseases of the central nervous system.